Researchers investigating theoretical potential of algae fuels

According to a new study by researchers at The University of Texas at Austin, it is theoretically possible to produce about 500 times as much energy from algae fuels as is needed to grow the fuels. However, the researchers conducted a separate investigation where they found that their current algae growing facility is getting out about one-five hundredth as much energy as it currently puts in to grow the fuels.

“The search for cost-effective biofuels is one of the noble endeavors of our time, and these papers shed insight on where the boundaries are in algae research”, said Robert Hebner, a professor in the Cockrell School of Engineeringand director of the Center for Electromechanics. “One of the responsibilities of a top research university is to discover and explain what the boundaries are so we can innovate within those boundaries or create ways to expand them.”

The studies add important context to the viability of algae, which shows promise for producing large amounts of energy-dense fuel because it can be harvested throughout the year. Algae can also be used for fertilizers, food, pharmaceuticals and more, but researchers must first figure out how to mass-produce the green source inexpensively. Present studies consider the cost, water intensity and resource constraints faced by algal biofuel production, in addition to the energy efficiency.

“These results are critical in the public policy domain”, said Michael Webber, Cockrell School Assistant Professor. “As we try to balance the use of energy and water for our future, it is important to base our decisions on what technology will permit us to do and at what cost. Otherwise we risk serious negative impacts on our quality of life. This work is an important contribution to the needed discussion.”

Building on earlier work, the university researchers developed a theoretical understanding of the limits for the energy returned for the energy invested in algae growth. The theoretical limits were quite positive but require technology significantly ahead of current practice.

“We expect this comprehensive work will help provide a focus for current and future work. If progress is to be made, we need to have a clear understanding of the constraints we are facing, and how it might be possible for algae to contribute to our energy demands”, said Colin Beal, a researcher from the Cockrell School of Engineering.

With more than 3,000 specimens, The University of Texas at Austin is home to the largest and most diverse algae collection in the world. Last fall the Austin startup AlgEternal Technologies augmented the university’s algae program by installing a growth demonstration facility on the campus. The university program provides public and private research partners access to facilities for analyzing, growing, harvesting and processing algae. The research was also supported by OpenAlgae, a company developing algae-specific processing technologies with the university to enhance the economics of oil production from algae.

The research team performed another study in the university’s algae growth facility at the J.J. Pickle Research Campus to identify all of the energy inputs to a real process, such as using electricity to run algae pumps and energy for chemical processing and water transport. The results showed that combining algae growth with a sewage treatment facility is one approach to getting a positive energy return with existing technology. Algae get nutrients from phosphorus and nitrogen — chemical elements that are abundant in water treatment plants and must be removed from wastewater during treatment processing.

By combining the two processes, the system produced 1.5 times more energy than was needed to grow algae. Although it is still pretty far from fossil fuels which 30 to 40 times more energy than is needed to get them out of the ground, it is still a step forward.